Of 178 reference sources produced by AI dialogue systems, 69 lacked a DOI and 28 could not be found via Google search and had no existing DOI¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · reviewr2·q2
Currency · newest study 2024 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2027: tool and model accuracy changes quickly
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? Athaluri et al. found that among 178 AI-generated reference sources, 69 lacked a DOI and 28 could not be found through a Google search nor possessed an existing DOI. → Chunpeng Zhai 2024
Evidence¶
Chunpeng Zhai 2024¶
Chunpeng Zhai, Santoso Wibowo and Lily D. Li. (2024). The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students' cognitive abilities: a systematic review. Smart Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00316-7
q2 · i? · review · r2
Second-hand finding reported in the review's literature section: Athaluri et al.'s examination of AI confabulations, which the review says can adversely affect decision-making and lead to ethical and legal dilemmas. Counts of 178, 69 and 28 are as printed in the review.
"The authors found that among 178 reference sources produced by AI dialogue systems, 69 lacked a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), and 28 could not be found through a Google search, nor did they possess an existing DOI."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- ChatGPT fabricates references: the authors caught it inventing a non-existent 'Ribeiro and Vala, 2020' article with full bibliographic details — related
- Recurring risks of GenAI in STEAM education include hallucination, bias, superficial completion strategies, and compromised assessment validity — a broader claim this one bears on
- Poorly grounded GenAI self-study risks fabricated content and inferior learning relative to curated resources — related
- Cognitive offloading to generative AI is associated with reduced learner engagement, lower critical thinking, and lower-quality reasoning — related
- ChatGPT users differentiated information less (never by credibility) and rarely verified information compared to Google users — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
ai-confabulated-references-178-sample |
title |
Of 178 reference sources produced by AI dialogue systems, 69 lacked a DOI and 28 could not be found via Google search and had no existing DOI |
description |
Of 178 reference sources produced by AI dialogue systems, 69 lacked a DOI and 28 could not be found via Google search and had no existing DOI |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
weak |
newest_evidence |
2024 |
recheck_by |
2027 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-15 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — chunpeng-zhai-2024 |
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