The connective and is multifunctional in L1 essays, functioning as resultive and other relations, which may explain its lower frequency in L2 writing¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr2·q2
Currency · newest study 2015 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · overdue for a recheck since 2020: baselines and conditions change
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? In L1 essays and functions as a multifunctional DC, including a pattern of and I think/feel/don't think/agree that/this occurring 85 times in ENS1, whereas L2 use of and mainly indicates an additive relationship. → Hu 2015
Evidence¶
Hu 2015¶
Hu, C., & Li, Y. (2015). Discourse Connectives in L1 and L2 Argumentative Writing. Higher Education Studies. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v5n4p30
q2 · i? · the article prints no effect size for this finding · associational · r2
Follow-up qualitative concordance analysis of and in the ENS1 sub-corpus (Section 4.2.1). The article argues and here functions as a resultive DC with a weaker degree than so, and that L2 writers prefer explicit devices like besides, moreover and in addition, which mark addition more explicitly and reduce reader effort.
"The concordance lines of and in ENS1 exhibit a clear pattern of and I think/feel/don’t think/agree that/this… , which occurs 85 times in ENS1, as demonstrated by (7). This pattern seldom appears in the L2 writes’ essays with few exceptions in Thailand students’ corpus."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- L1 and L2 writers share a core set of high-frequency connectives but with strikingly different frequencies, and is nearly three times more frequent in L1 essays — related
- L2 writers tend to overuse more discourse connectives than they underuse, and both L1 and L2 students have a limited range of DCs at their disposal — related
- Hong Kong and Singaporean L2 students underuse discourse connectives overall compared with L1 writers, while Thai students do not differ significantly — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
and-multifunctional-l1-essays |
title |
The connective and is multifunctional in L1 essays, functioning as resultive and other relations, which may explain its lower frequency in L2 writing |
description |
The connective and is multifunctional in L1 essays, functioning as resultive and other relations, which may explain its lower frequency in L2 writing |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
weak |
newest_evidence |
2015 |
recheck_by |
2020 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-09-26 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — hu-2015 |
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