Arithmetic fluency increases significantly from first to third grade, with substantial individual differences in initial levels and growth¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2023 · checked against its sources 2026-10-23 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

Reading the evidence codes

q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.

This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.

q3 i? Arithmetic fluency showed significant mean-level increase over grades 1–3, with significant individual differences in initial levels and slopes. → Rawlings 2023

Evidence¶

Rawlings 2023¶

Rawlings, A. M., Niemivirta, M., Korhonen, J., Lindskog, M., Tuominen, H., & Mononen, R. (2023). Achievement emotions and arithmetic fluency – Development and parallel processes during the early school years. Preprint Version 3, Accepted for publication, 27 March 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101776

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Latent growth curve model of arithmetic fluency (addition and subtraction facts in number range 1–20, Regnefaktaprøven subtests) across four time points in the 232-student sample. The article reports "significant increases in arithmetic fluency over time (M = 26.00, p < .01)"; no effect size printed.

"Univariate LGCM revealed significant increases in arithmetic fluency over time (M = 26.00, p < .01); significant individual differences in initial levels and slopes were observed also here"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

Age and Developmental Stage — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes
Arithmetic Fact Retrieval — outcome: instruction changes it

Only the initial level and rate of change in arithmetic fluency predict third-grade mathematics performance; achievement emotions do not — related

Page metadata

Field	Value
`type`	`claim`
`id`	`arithmetic-fluency-growth-grades-1-3`
`title`	`Arithmetic fluency increases significantly from first to third grade, with substantial individual differences in initial levels and growth`
`description`	`Arithmetic fluency increases significantly from first to third grade, with substantial individual differences in initial levels and growth`
`status`	`review`
`evidence_strength`	`moderate`
`newest_evidence`	`2023`
`source_checked`	`2026-10-23`
`generated`	by `process:wiki-ingest` on `2026-10-23`
`trust`	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
`sources`	1 — `rawlings-2023`

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