Chinese middle-school students endorse significantly more fixed mindsets of intelligence than US students (PISA 2018)¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr2·q3
Currency · newest study 2021 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? Chinese students held significantly more fixed mindsets than US students in the PISA 2018 sample, with 68.39% of US students versus 55.61% of Chinese students regarding intelligence as malleable. → Xin Sun 2021
Evidence¶
Xin Sun 2021¶
Xin Sun, Shaylene Nancekivell, Susan A. Gelman and Priti Shah. (2021). Growth mindset and academic outcomes: a comparison of US and Chinese students. npj Science of Learning 6:21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00100-z
q3 · i? · associational · r2
Regression analysis of the PISA 2018 dataset showed "significance for country, βcountry = 0.24, SEcountry = 0.02, t = 11.59", with a 95% CI of (0.20, 0.28), showing Chinese students held significantly more fixed mindsets.
"Notably, 68.39% of the US students regarded intelligence as malleable (choosing “1-Strongly Disagree ” or “2-Disagree”), compared to only 55.61% of the Chinese students."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Chinese college students endorse more fixed intelligence mindsets, more effort attribution for school-level achievement, and more ability attribution for expert-level achievement than US students — related
- Intelligence mindsets correlate with effort-ability attributions and achievement more strongly in the US than in the Chinese college sample — related
- Growth mindsets associate with higher US mathematics scores but slightly lower Chinese mathematics scores (country × mindset interaction) — related
- Students in countries culturally more distant from the US (less WEIRD) endorse growth mindsets less, r(46) = -.47 — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
chinese-students-more-fixed-mindsets-than-us-pisa-2018 |
title |
Chinese middle-school students endorse significantly more fixed mindsets of intelligence than US students (PISA 2018) |
description |
Chinese middle-school students endorse significantly more fixed mindsets of intelligence than US students (PISA 2018) |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2021 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-26 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — xin-sun-2021 |
Frontmatter is the page's machine-readable record — see the Schema & Guide.