Overall choice frequency did not differ by condition or prior knowledge, but the condition pattern reversed across prior-knowledge groups¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2025 · checked against its sources 2026-10-27 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Two-way ANOVA found no significant main effects of condition or prior knowledge, nor an interaction, on students' frequency of engaging with optional tasks (overall M = 55% of opportunities). → Man Su 2025 q2 i? Descriptively, choice frequency was higher for LPK students in the Non-Agent condition but higher for HPK students in the Agent condition. → Man Su 2025 (2)

Evidence¶

Man Su 2025¶

Man Su, Belle Dang, Andy Nguyen & Tomohiro Nagashima. (2025). Choice-making in an adaptive learning system with motivational pedagogical agents. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00366-7

q2 · i? · causal · r2

Two-way ANOVA on system-logged choice frequency (proportion of optional task opportunities completed, averaging 55% overall) in the 49-student study. None of the three effects was statistically significant, and post-hoc comparisons showed no significant group differences.

"two-way ANOVA showed no significant main effect of condition, F(1, 45) = 0.39, p = 0.537, or prior knowledge, F(1, 45) = 0.01, p = 0.924 on their choice frequency, and no significant interaction effect between condition and prior knowledge, F(1, 45) = 0.93, p = 0.341."

Man Su 2025 (2)¶

Man Su, Belle Dang, Andy Nguyen & Tomohiro Nagashima. (2025). Choice-making in an adaptive learning system with motivational pedagogical agents. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00366-7

q2 · i? · causal · r2

A descriptive pattern visualized in Fig. 1d and reported from Table 2: the LPK-over-HPK ordering in the Non-Agent condition reversed in the Agent condition; these contrasts were not statistically tested.

"choice frequency was higher for LPK students in the Non-Agent condition, but this pattern reversed in the Agent condition, where HPK students showed higher choice frequency."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Prior Knowledge — moderator: an instructional effect differs with it

Related Claims¶

• Agent-condition learning gains trended higher (marginal), with Agent LPK students gaining significantly more than Non-Agent HPK students — related
• Cognitive load when studying depended on instructional method (highest in the worked-out examples condition), but no prior knowledge or test-phase effects emerged — related
• Instructional method and prior knowledge interact on conceptual understanding of statistics (expertise reversal effect) — related