Closing knowledge gaps showed the highest association with performance among all considered variables (partial r = 0.17)¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r1 · q2 · i1 small
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i1 In a psychological network analysis, Knowledge gaps closed correlated with Performance at r = 0.17, the only partial correlation above .1 with Performance, and significantly stronger than all other variables' associations with Performance. → Spitzer 2025

Evidence¶

Spitzer 2025¶

Spitzer, M. W. H., Moeller, K., Richter, E., Frede, L., & Bardach, L. (2025). A red button does it all: A red button nudges students to close their knowledge gaps in an intelligent tutoring system. Learning and Instruction 99 (2025) 102181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102181

q2 · i1 · causal · r1

Psychological network analysis (EBICglasso, bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals) of ten variables from five categories in the badge-on period. The partial correlation of r = 0.17 was "significantly different from zero" and from all other variables' associations with Performance.

"Results indicated an association between Knowledge gaps closed and the Performance at a partial correlation of r = 0.17, indicating that closing knowledge gaps was associated with better student performance."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• In a hierarchical regression, class-level knowledge gap closing had the largest beta weight of all considered predictors of performance — related
• In simulations, Bayesian GLASSO estimation outperforms frequentist GLASSO on bias in edge weights, centrality measures, correlation between estimated and true partial correlations, and specificity — related
• Students closed a higher relative number of knowledge gaps when a red notification badge nudged them than when it was turned off — related