The interaction of complexity and desirable difficulty does not significantly affect posttest performance¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? The complexity × desirable difficulty interaction was not significant on multivariate or univariate levels for time or trials. → Ines Zeitlhofer 2026

Evidence¶

Ines Zeitlhofer 2026¶

Ines Zeitlhofer, Joerg Zumbach. (2026). Germane processes moderate the effectiveness of complex desirable difficulty tasks. Instructional Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-026-09807-1

q3 · i? · causal · r2

In the factorial MANOVA, the hypothesized amplifying interaction (Hypothesis 1.3) was "not significant on either a multivariate level" or univariate level for time and trials; no effect size beyond the printed η² values was reported.

"However, the interaction of complexity and desirable difficulty was not significant on either a multivariate level ( F (2, 127) = 2.32, p = .10; η² = 0.04; Hypothesis 1.3) or a univariate level (time: F (1, 128) = 0.67, p = .42, η² = 0.01; trials: F (1, 128) = 1.23, p = .27, η² = 0.01)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

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