Procedural losses were steepest for axis labeling and annotations, while conceptual losses were steepest for explanation of scales and terminology¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r1 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Among technical-execution criteria, Axis labeling and units (β = −0.49) and Annotations or key labels (β = −0.47) showed the steepest significant declines; among conceptual criteria, Explanation of scales and units (β = −0.30) and terminology (β = −0.28) declined most. → Francisco José Jiménez-Hornero 2026 q3 i? All five conceptual criteria showed statistically significant negative time effects after Bonferroni and FDR correction. → Francisco José Jiménez-Hornero 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Francisco José Jiménez-Hornero 2026¶

Francisco José Jiménez-Hornero, Eduardo Gutiérrez de Ravé. (2026). Conceptual and procedural knowledge retention in data visualization: a longitudinal study of doctoral learning and instructional design implications. Instructional Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-026-09808-0

q3 · i? · associational · r1

Criterion-level LMMs for the technical-execution rubric with Bonferroni and FDR corrections (α_adj = 0.01); all criteria remained significant under both adjustments.

"The steepest declines were observed for Axis labeling and units ( β = − 0.49, SE = 0.07) and Annotations or key labels (β = − 0.47, SE = 0.07), tasks requiring fine procedural fluency and attention to software conventions."

Francisco José Jiménez-Hornero 2026 (2)¶

Francisco José Jiménez-Hornero, Eduardo Gutiérrez de Ravé. (2026). Conceptual and procedural knowledge retention in data visualization: a longitudinal study of doctoral learning and instructional design implications. Instructional Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-026-09808-0

q3 · i? · associational · r1

Criterion-level LMMs for the conceptual-understanding rubric; Completeness (β = −0.22) was the most stable conceptual aspect, and random-intercept variances ranged from 0.17 to 0.22.

"The steepest declines were observed in Explanation of scales and units (β = − 0.30, SE = 0.06) and Use of appropriate terminology (β = − 0.28, SE = 0.06), reflecting the gradual erosion of precision in quantitative reasoning and disciplinary language."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• The correlation between conceptual understanding and procedural execution weakened over time, becoming largely independent after one year
• Doctoral students' conceptual understanding of data visualization declined significantly over twelve months following structured instruction
• Procedural execution in data visualization declined significantly and more steeply than conceptual understanding over twelve months — related