The dual-appraisal model explains 42.7% of variance in trust in AI and 45.9% of variance in GenAI dependence¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Perceived AI empowerment and perceived AI threat jointly explained 42.7% of the variance in trust in AI. → Zhu K 2026 q2 i? Both appraisals plus trust in AI explained 45.9% of the variance in AI dependence. → Zhu K 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Zhu K 2026¶

Zhu K, Ma Y, Zhang J and Liu J (2026). Perceived AI empowerment and threat in relation to university students' dependence on GenAI: the indirect role of trust in AI. Front. Psychol. 17:1940317. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940317

q2 · i? · associational · r1

Structural model results in the 360-student SEM; R² is variance explained, not a standardised effect size, so no impact magnitude is coded beyond the printed "R 2 = 0.427".

"Perceived AI empowerment (PE) and perceived AI threat (PT) jointly explained 42.7% of the variance in trust in AI (TR; R 2 = 0.427)."

Zhu K 2026 (2)¶

Zhu K, Ma Y, Zhang J and Liu J (2026). Perceived AI empowerment and threat in relation to university students' dependence on GenAI: the indirect role of trust in AI. Front. Psychol. 17:1940317. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940317

q2 · i? · associational · r1

Same structural model; the three predictors explained "45.9% of the variance in AI dependence (DE; R2 = 0.459)".

"Together, perceived AI empowerment, perceived AI threat, and trust in AI explained 45.9% of the variance in AI dependence (DE; R2 = 0.459)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Perceived AI empowerment is positively associated with university students' trust in AI and their dependence on GenAI — related
• Perceived AI threat is negatively associated with university students' trust in AI and their dependence on GenAI — related
• Trust in AI is positively associated with university students' dependence on GenAI — related
• Perceived AI empowerment and perceived AI threat are weakly and non-significantly correlated, suggesting relatively independent appraisals — related
• Trust in AI partially mediates the associations of both perceived AI empowerment and perceived AI threat with GenAI dependence — related
• Epistemic and society-related AI knowledge were negatively associated with trust in GenAI — related
• The integrated model explains substantial variance in student engagement (R² = 0.700) in GenAI-supported learning — related