Frustration during learning is associated with facial action units 1, 2, and 14, with a mutual trigger rule between the inner and outer brow raises¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 2008 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Association rule mining found AUs 1, 2, and 14 primarily associated with frustration, with AUs 1 and 2 occurring together and mutually triggering each other. → Scotty D. Craig 2008

Evidence¶

Scotty D. Craig 2008¶

Scotty D. Craig, Sidney D'Mello, Amy Witherspoon, and Art Graesser. (2008). Emote aloud during learning with AutoTutor: Applying the Facial Action Coding System to cognitive/affective states during learning. Cognition and Emotion, 22(5), 777-788. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701516759

q2 · i? · associational · r1

Association rule mining (a priori algorithm) on 100 randomly selected AU records per affective state from 5 participants' emote-aloud sessions. Table 2 shows the AU1+2 rule with 100% coverage and average support 18.8; the article reports "AUs 1, 2, and 14 were primarily associated with frustration".

"It appears that AUs 1, 2, and 14 were primarily associated with frustration, but a strong association was found for a link between AUs 1 and 2 occurring together. Additionally, these AUs mutually trigger each other."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Boredom during learning shows a significant association with facial action unit 43 (eye closure), but no association rules between action units
• Confusion during learning is associated with facial action units 4, 7, and 12, with tightened lids tending to trigger a lowered brow
• The emote-aloud procedure is limited by non-reporting and floor effects: 2 of 7 participants did not verbalise affective states and four states were removed from analysis
• Emote-aloud protocols show learner emotions correlate systematically with AutoTutor dialogue features — related