Closing knowledge gaps between a baseline and an end period predicted higher performance in the end period¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? In a linear regression controlling for baseline performance, closing knowledge gaps between the baseline and end periods positively predicted end performance (b = 0.11, p < .001). → Spitzer 2025

Evidence¶

Spitzer 2025¶

Spitzer, M. W. H., Moeller, K., Richter, E., Frede, L., & Bardach, L. (2025). A red button does it all: A red button nudges students to close their knowledge gaps in an intelligent tutoring system. Learning and Instruction 99 (2025) 102181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102181

q2 · i? · causal · r1

Exploratory linear regression with end performance (last 10 problem sets) as dependent variable, baseline performance (first 10 problem sets) and gap closing in between as predictors. Table 1 reports Knowledge gaps closed b = 0.11, t = 24.67, p < .001; adjusted R2 = 0.209. No standardized effect size is printed for this finding.

"A significant effect of closing knowledge gaps indicated that closing knowledge gaps after the baseline period and before the end period had a positive effect on students' performance during the end period."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

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• Students closed a higher relative number of knowledge gaps when a red notification badge nudged them than when it was turned off — related