Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons show no significant generation-versus-baseline differences at any test point for Knowledge scores¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Post hoc pairwise analyses with Bonferroni correction found no significant treatment effects at pre-test (z = 0.44, p = 1.00), post-test 1 (z = –1.85, p = .972), or post-test 2 (z = –1.03, p = 1.00). → John Duplice 2025

Evidence¶

John Duplice 2025¶

John Duplice. (2025). Generation and L2 Vocabulary Learning: A Classroom Action Study on the Efficacy of the Generation Desirable Difficulty in Learning L2 Vocabulary. Vocabulary Learning and Instruction, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.29140/vli.v14n1.102482

q2 · i? · causal · r1

Post hoc GAMLj pairwise analyses from the same 23-participant study, reported alongside Figure 3. No test point showed a significant generation-versus-baseline difference; equivalence was not tested.

"Post Hoc pairwise analyses with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons showed there were no significant effects of treatment at each test point: pre-test (z = 0.44, p = 1.00), post-test 1 (z = –1.85, p = .972), or post-test 2 (z = –1.03, p = 1.00)"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Generation Effect Improves Retention — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
• Generation as the sole desirable difficulty produced no detrimental effect on L2 vocabulary recall, in contrast to prior short-term findings — a broader claim this one bears on
• Generation tasks show no significant overall treatment effect on L2 vocabulary Knowledge scores compared with baseline non-generative tasks — possibly the same claim (merge candidate)
• Multiple comparison adjustments are needed when conducting hypothesis tests across pairwise contrasts to identify the most effective interventions — a broader claim this one bears on