In 2016, schools with high enrollment of students of color were four times as likely to employ uncertified teachers as schools with low enrollment of students of color¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2020 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person · overdue for a recheck since 2025: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Schools in the top quintile of student of color enrollment were four times as likely to employ uncertified teachers in 2016 as schools in the bottom quintile, and the gap grew from 2014 to 2016. → Cardichon 2020

Evidence¶

Cardichon 2020¶

Cardichon, J., Darling-Hammond, L., Yang, M., Scott, C., Shields, P. M., & Burns, D. (2020). Inequitable opportunity to learn: Student access to certified and experienced teachers. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/crdc-teacher-access

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Descriptive analysis of the 2013–14 and 2015–16 Civil Rights Data Collection comparing top and bottom quintiles of schools by percentage of students of color enrolled. Figure 1 reports uncertified-teacher percentages of 0.7% vs 3.3% (2014) and 1.2% vs 4.8% (2016), showing schools with high enrollment were "four times as likely to employ uncertified teachers".

"While schools serving a low proportion of students of color have seen a slight increase in their percentage of uncertified teachers during this time period, the problem is more acute in schools with high enrollment of students of color, which in 2016 were four times as likely to employ uncertified teachers as were schools with low enrollment of students of color."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Race and Ethnicity — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause

Related Claims¶

• Teacher shortages fall disproportionately on high-poverty and high-minority schools, which had four times as many uncertified teachers in 2013–14 — related
• State-level disparities in access to certified and experienced teachers vary greatly, with some states showing two to three times as many uncertified or inexperienced teachers in high-enrollment schools — a broader claim this one bears on
• In 2016, 17.2% of teachers in high student of color enrollment schools were in their first or second year, compared to 9.1% in low-enrollment schools, and the gap widened from 2014 to 2016 — related
• Across rural, suburban, and urban locales, schools with high student of color enrollment have higher percentages of uncertified teachers than schools with low enrollment — related
• California students in low-SES schools are about ten times as likely as students in high-SES schools to be taught by uncertified teachers — related
• Minority teachers are disproportionately employed in high-poverty, high-minority, urban public schools — related
• Regardless of location, schools with high student of color enrollment have a greater percentage of inexperienced teachers than low-enrollment schools, with urban schools most affected — related