Higher-achieving students tend to be more accurate but more underconfident in calibration than lower-achieving students¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · theoreticalr2·q2
Currency · newest study 2012 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? Across many studies, higher-achieving students tend to be more accurate but more underconfident when compared to their lower-achieving counterparts. → Bol L and Hacker DJ 2012
Evidence¶
Bol L and Hacker DJ 2012¶
Bol L and Hacker DJ (2012) Calibration research: where do we go from here? Front. Psychology 3:229. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00229
q2 · i? · theoretical · r2
Narrative review of calibration studies in educational psychology. The review reports, citing Hacker et al. (2000), Grimes (2002), Bol et al. (2005) and Nietfeld et al. (2005), that "higher-achieving students tend to be more accurate but more underconfident when compared to their lower-achieving counterparts." No effect sizes are printed.
"Many studies have indicated that calibration accuracy is linked to achievement level (e.g., Hacker et al., 2000; Grimes, 2002; Bol et al., 2005; Nietfeld et al., 2005). In general, higher-achieving students tend to be more accurate but more underconfident when compared to their lower-achieving counterparts."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Hard-easy effect: students are more accurate but underconfident on easy items and less accurate but overconfident on difficult items — related
- Guessing biases calibration measures toward underconfidence, strongest for the lowest performers — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
higher-achievers-more-accurate-underconfident-calibration |
title |
Higher-achieving students tend to be more accurate but more underconfident in calibration than lower-achieving students |
description |
Higher-achieving students tend to be more accurate but more underconfident in calibration than lower-achieving students |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
weak |
newest_evidence |
2012 |
source_checked |
2026-10-20 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-16 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — bol-l-and-hacker-dj-2012 |
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