Individual learners complete more flashcard practice cycles than paired learners, though inconsistently across experiments¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r2–r3 · q3 · i2 medium
Currency · newest study 2024 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i2 In Experiment 1, Individual learners completed about one more learning cycle than Paired learners (d = 0.68). → Imundo 2024 q3 i2 In Experiment 2 the cycle difference was nonsignificant, but it reappeared in Experiment 3 (d = 0.45). → Imundo 2024 (2)

Evidence¶

Imundo 2024¶

Imundo, M. N., Zung, I., Whatley, M. C., & Pan, S. C. (2024). When Two Learners Are Better Than One: Using Flashcards with a Partner Improves Metacognitive Accuracy. Metacognition and Learning. https://link.springer.com/journal/11409/articles

q3 · i2 · causal · r3

Experiment 1 self-reported cycle counts showed Individual learners completed significantly more cycles through the 40-card deck in the same total learning time, d = 0.68, p < .001, likely because paired logistics slow the pace.

"Individual learners typically completed one more learning cycle (M = 5.36, SD = 1.64) across the entire flashcard phase than did Paired learners (M = 4.32, SD = 1.44). This difference was significant, t (150) = 4.16, p < .001, d = 0.68, 95% CI [0.55, 1.54]."

Imundo 2024 (2)¶

Imundo, M. N., Zung, I., Whatley, M. C., & Pan, S. C. (2024). When Two Learners Are Better Than One: Using Flashcards with a Partner Improves Metacognitive Accuracy. Metacognition and Learning. https://link.springer.com/journal/11409/articles

q3 · i2 · causal · r2

Experiment 3 replicated the cycle-count difference (d = 0.45, p < .001). In Experiment 2, however, the difference was nonsignificant (d = .21, p = .22), so the effect did not replicate across all experiments.

"Individual learners (M = 4.55, SD = 1.82) completed about one more practice cycle through the flashcard set than Paired learners (M = 3.82, SD = 1.38), t (401) = 4.53, p < .001, d = 0.45, 95% CI [0.41, 1.04]."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Paired flashcard learners show more accurate immediate metacognitive calibration than individual learners, who overestimate by roughly 20% — related
• Paired flashcard learners drop far fewer flashcards from study than individual learners — related
• Individual and paired flashcard learning yield comparable final cued-recall test performance — related
• Studying flashcards in pairs raised negative affect in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, which added an icebreaker and relaxed feedback rules — related