Groups with RD, MD, and RD+MD show elevated depression regardless of ADHD status, and the comorbid group has the highest rates of internalizing disorders¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associationalr2·q3
Currency · newest study 2013 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · overdue for a recheck since 2018: baselines and conditions change
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? Depression rates were significantly higher in all three disorder groups whether or not participants met criteria for ADHD. → Willcutt 2013
q3 i? The RD+MD group exhibited more internalizing symptoms and higher rates of ADHD-I, MDD, and GAD than the RD-only and MD-only groups. → Willcutt 2013 (2)
Evidence¶
Willcutt 2013¶
Willcutt, E. G., Petrill, S. A., Wu, S., Boada, R., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., & Pennington, B. F. (2013). Comorbidity between reading disability and math disability: Concurrent psychopathology, functional impairment, and neuropsychological functioning. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 46(6), 500-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219413477476
q3 · i? · associational · r2
Secondary analyses by comorbid ADHD status (Figure 1 panel B) showed "groups with RD only, MD only, and RD + MD had significantly higher rates of depression whether or not they met criteria for ADHD," though RD+ADHD exceeded RD alone.
"groups with RD only, MD only, and RD + MD had significantly higher rates of depression whether or not they met criteria for ADHD"
Willcutt 2013 (2)¶
Willcutt, E. G., Petrill, S. A., Wu, S., Boada, R., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., & Pennington, B. F. (2013). Comorbidity between reading disability and math disability: Concurrent psychopathology, functional impairment, and neuropsychological functioning. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 46(6), 500-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219413477476
q3 · i? · associational · r2
Comparisons among the three LD groups in the CLDRC sample found "the group with RD + MD exhibited more inattentive and internalizing symptoms and a higher rate of ADHD-I, MDD, and GAD than the groups with RD or MD alone."
"the group with RD + MD exhibited more inattentive and internalizing symptoms and a higher rate of ADHD-I, MDD, and GAD than the groups with RD or MD alone."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Comorbidity with ODD and CD in RD and MD is restricted to individuals who also meet criteria for ADHD — related
- The comorbid RD+MD group is more impaired than groups with RD only or MD only on seven of ten neuropsychological composites — related
- Peer rejection incrementally predicts subsequent behavioral, emotional, and academic maladjustment in children with ADHD beyond ADHD status itself — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
internalizing-elevated-in-all-groups-rd-md |
title |
Groups with RD, MD, and RD+MD show elevated depression regardless of ADHD status, and the comorbid group has the highest rates of internalizing disorders |
description |
Groups with RD, MD, and RD+MD show elevated depression regardless of ADHD status, and the comorbid group has the highest rates of internalizing disorders |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2013 |
recheck_by |
2018 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-17 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
2 — willcutt-2013, willcutt-2013-2 |
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