Women of color are the least likely, and white men the most likely, to report a sense of belonging in STEM majors¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · qualitativer3·q2
Currency · newest study 2018 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · overdue for a recheck since 2023: baselines and conditions change
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? Among majors, women of color were the least likely to report a sense of belonging compared to all other students (Z = 3.62, p ≤ 0.01), while white men were the most likely (Z = 2.37, p ≤ 0.01). → Katherine Rainey 2018
Evidence¶
Katherine Rainey 2018¶
Katherine Rainey, Melissa Dancy, Roslyn Mickelson, Elizabeth Stearns and Stephanie Moller. (2018). Race and gender differences in how sense of belonging influences decisions to major in STEM. International Journal of STEM Education 5:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0115-6
q2 · i? · qualitative · r3
Intersectional comparison of belonging codes among majors by race and gender, analyzed with the study's test of proportions. The article prints both Z statistics for "women of color" and "white men" relative to all other students. No effect size is printed.
"women of color reported were the least likely to report a sense of belonging when compared to all other students ( Z =3 . 6 2 ,p ≤ 0.01), while white men were the most likely to report a sense of belonging when compared to all other students (Z =2 . 3 7 ,p ≤ 0.01)"
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Students who remain in STEM majors report greater sense of belonging than leavers, and lack of science identity distinguishes leavers — related
- Female STEM majors report significantly lower sense of belonging than male majors — a broader claim this one bears on
- Representation in the sub-discipline relates to belonging: women of color in pSTEM report belonging less frequently than white men — related
- Students of color majoring in STEM report significantly lower sense of belonging than white majors — related
- Collaborative pedagogies such as problem- and project-based learning are more likely to promote students' sense of belonging than lecture-based pedagogies, but effects depend on the group's attributes — related
- Racially marginalized students are less likely to report a sense of belonging in STEM education — a broader claim this one bears on
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
intersectional-belonging-women-of-color-lowest-white-men-highest |
title |
Women of color are the least likely, and white men the most likely, to report a sense of belonging in STEM majors |
description |
Women of color are the least likely, and white men the most likely, to report a sense of belonging in STEM majors |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2018 |
recheck_by |
2023 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-16 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — katherine-rainey-2018 |
Frontmatter is the page's machine-readable record — see the Schema & Guide.