LCFF-induced spending increases reduced suspensions and expulsions, with larger effects for boys and the most pronounced effects for Black students¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2023 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? A $1,000 per-pupil spending increase over 3 consecutive years reduced the likelihood of suspension or expulsion in a high school year by 5–6 percentage points for boys and 3 points for girls. → Johnson 2023 q2 i? For Black students, the same $1,000 increase (grades 8–10) reduced the likelihood of suspension or expulsion in 10th grade by 8 percentage points for Black boys and 5 points for Black girls. → Johnson 2023 (2)

Evidence¶

Johnson 2023¶

Johnson, R. C. (2023). School funding effectiveness: Evidence from California's Local Control Funding Formula. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/529.194

q2 · i? · causal · r2

Quasi-experimental analysis of disciplinary incidents across grades 3–10, using LCFF-induced spending variation. Effects were greater for boys than girls and larger in high school than elementary and middle school.

"a $1,000 increase in per-pupil spending experienced for 3 consecutive years was associated with a 5 to 6 percentage-point reduction in the likelihood of being suspended or expelled in a given year of high school for boys and a 3 percentage-point reduction for girls."

Johnson 2023 (2)¶

Johnson, R. C. (2023). School funding effectiveness: Evidence from California's Local Control Funding Formula. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/529.194

q2 · i? · causal · r2

Subgroup analysis of the same disciplinary outcome for Black students, the group the article identifies as having the most pronounced impacts. No standardised effect size is printed for these estimates.

"a $1,000 increase in per-pupil spending experienced for 3 consecutive years (grades 8–10) was associated with an 8 percentage-point reduction in the likelihood of suspension or expulsion in high school (10th grade) among Black boys and a 5 percentage-point reduction in the probability of suspension or expulsion for Black girls."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Gender — moderator: an instructional effect differs by group

Related Claims¶

• GenAI function, intervention duration, publication year, and gender were not significant moderators of GenAI's motivational effect — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
• Research on school finance reforms finds increased spending improves educational and life outcomes, with larger effects for students from low-income backgrounds, including causal evidence from California's Local Control Funding Formula — a broader claim this one bears on
• A $1,000 per-pupil spending increase across high school raised graduation likelihood by 8.2 percentage points, and 3 consecutive years of increased high school spending raised college-readiness standards attainment in math and reading — related
• LCFF-induced spending increases reduced the probability of grade repetition, particularly in elementary school — related
• LCFF-induced spending increases of $1,000 per pupil for 3 consecutive years produced roughly a full grade-level increase in math and reading achievement in grades 3–8 — related
• LCFF-induced per-pupil spending increases caused improvements in math and reading achievement in districts receiving concentration grants — related
• Student outcome improvements from LCFF funding were more pronounced for cohorts exposed to funding increases for more of their school-age years — related
• A $1,000 increase in district per-pupil revenue in grades 10–12 was associated with a 5.3 percentage-point increase in high school graduation rates in California — related
• School resource officers have limited effects on school safety and increase suspensions, expulsions, police referrals, and arrests, with larger negative effects for Black students and students with disabilities — related
• Oakland Unified gradually reduced out-of-school suspension rates for girls after policy changes — related
• Instructional expenditures show the largest consistent association with achievement, with roughly 84% of variation in spending effectiveness driven by class size reductions, teacher salary increases, and reduced teacher turnover — related
• Suspensions in California lowered graduation rates by nearly 7 percentage points after controlling for other dropout factors — related