PES is robustly present in kindergarten children and decreases over the course of a task block¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q3 · i3 large
Currency · newest study 2023 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2028: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q3 i3 Post-error slowing was significantly above zero in both the incongruent (r = 0.77) and mixed (r = 0.52) HF blocks, and its magnitude decreased with each subsequent error within a block. → Ger Ebru 2023 q3 i? PES magnitude was lower in the mixed block than in the flowers block (mean difference = 126.4 ms) and reduced by 17.6 ms with every subsequent error, independent of intelligence. → Ger Ebru 2023 (2)

Evidence¶

Ger Ebru 2023¶

Ger Ebru, Roebers Claudia M. (2023). The Relationship between Executive Functions, Working Memory, and Intelligence in Kindergarten Children. Journal of Intelligence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10143737/

q3 · i3 · associational · r2

Preliminary one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank tests in the N = 147 sample confirmed PES was significantly above zero in both HF blocks, with printed effect sizes "r = 0.77" (incongruent) and "r = 0.52" (mixed); the shift cost was not (p = 1).

"post-error slowing in both the incongruent (p < .0001, effect size r = 0.77) and mixed blocks of HF (p < .0001, effect size r = 0.52) and the congruency effect in HF (p < .0001, effect size r = 0.85) were significantly above 0"

Ger Ebru 2023 (2)¶

Ger Ebru, Roebers Claudia M. (2023). The Relationship between Executive Functions, Working Memory, and Intelligence in Kindergarten Children. Journal of Intelligence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10143737/

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Exploratory mixed linear regression on trial-level RTs showed PES was smaller in the mixed than flowers block and declined across successive errors within a block, independent of children's intelligence. Authors interpret this as possible strategic down-regulation of slowing.

"there was a main effect of the block (F(1, 1094) = 22.07, p < .0001) and index (F(1, 1034) = 16.29, p < .0001), whereby the magnitude of PES was lower in the mixed block than in the flowers block (mean difference = 126.4 ms), and PES reduced throughout the course of a block (by 17.6 ms with every subsequent error)"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Accuracy in the mixed block decreases across trials while PES also decreases, independent of intelligence — related
• Post-error slowing in EF shows no significant association with intelligence or WM in kindergarten children — related
• Exploratory WM-task measures correlate with EF indices: inhibition accuracy with correct colors, PES mixed with verbal span, congruency effect with correct locations — related