The review reports PI's superiority over TI is generalizable across structures and languages, including Spanish, Italian, French, and English¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2012 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

Reading the evidence codes

q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.

This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.

q2 i? Across replication studies, PI outperformed TI for pronouns and word order in Spanish, Spanish preterit, Italian future tense, Spanish copular verbs, French causative and word order, Spanish subjunctive mood selection, and the English present continuous. → Rachelle B. Lintao and Jonathan P. Erfe 2012

Evidence¶

Rachelle B. Lintao and Jonathan P. Erfe 2012¶

Rachelle B. Lintao and Jonathan P. Erfe. (2012). Using Processing Instruction for the Acquisition of English Present Perfect of Filipinos. i-manager's Journal of English Language Teaching, Vol. 2 No. 1, January - March. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1070206

q2 · i? · causal · r2

The review's synthesis of replication studies (VanPatten & Cadierno 1993a; Cadierno 1995; Cheng 1995; Farley 2001a; Buck 2000; VanPatten & Wong 2004; Benati 2001) concludes effects of PI are generalizable to structures and languages beyond the original Spanish word-order study.

"There is evidence for the superiority of PI over TI for pronouns and word order in Spanish, for complex verbal morphology in Spanish (the preterit) and Italian (future tense), for lexical-aspectual choice (copular verbs in Spanish, for agent-dative relations and word order in French, for mood selection in subordinate clauses in Spanish, and for the present continuous versus the progressive in English"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

Morphological Awareness — outcome: instruction changes it

Prior studies reviewed in this article report PI superior to mechanical output practice for acquisition, especially on interpretation tasks — a broader claim this one bears on
Incidental focus on form improves accuracy of pronouns and tenses — related
Incidental focus on form has a greater effect on the accuracy of articles than on pronouns and tenses — related

Page metadata

Field	Value
`status`	`review`
`generated`	by `process:wiki-ingest` on `2026-11-03`
`trust`	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content

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