Practice with feedback is more efficient than lecture, saving about 24% of instructional time in Study 1 and yielding 2–3 times higher learning rates in Study 2¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r3 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? In Study 1, both practice conditions completed the learning session about 2.4–2.6 minutes faster than lecture (approximately 24% time savings). → Michael W. Asher & Paulo F. Carvalho 2026 q3 i? In Study 2, practice with elaborated feedback learned memory content 3.4 times as efficiently as lecture, and generalization content 2.1 times as efficiently. → Michael W. Asher & Paulo F. Carvalho 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Michael W. Asher & Paulo F. Carvalho 2026¶

Michael W. Asher & Paulo F. Carvalho. (2026). Conditions for Effective Learning Without Upfront Instruction: How Practice with Feedback Supports Memory, Generalization, Motivation, and Metacognition. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-10103-6

q3 · i? · causal · r3

Study 1 measured instructional time directly: the explanatory feedback condition averaged "7.5 minutes, compared to 9.9 minutes in the lecture condition, t(291) = 4.00, p <.001—a time savings of 2.4 minutes, or approximately 24%"; correct-response feedback was 2.6 minutes faster (p <.001). Combined with comparable or better performance, the authors conclude practice with elaborated feedback was more efficient.

"Participants in the explanatory feedback condition completed the learning ses- sion in an average of 7.5 minutes, compared to 9.9 minutes in the lecture condi- tion, t(291) = 4.00, p <.001—a time savings of 2.4 minutes, or approximately 24%."

Michael W. Asher & Paulo F. Carvalho 2026 (2)¶

Michael W. Asher & Paulo F. Carvalho. (2026). Conditions for Effective Learning Without Upfront Instruction: How Practice with Feedback Supports Memory, Generalization, Motivation, and Metacognition. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-10103-6

q3 · i? · causal · r3

Study 2 estimated efficiency via an imputation procedure (1000 resampled datasets for lecture baseline knowledge). Elaborated feedback reached "6.93 points per minute, 3.4 times as efficiently as those in the lecture condition (2.05 points per minute)"; correct-response feedback was 2.6 times as efficient (p =.006), and elaborated feedback was 2.1 times as efficient as lecture for generalization (p =.041).

"For memory scores, participants in the prac- tice with elaborated feedback condition learned at an estimated rate of 6.93 points per minute, 3.4 times as efficiently as those in the lecture condition (2.05 points per minute), t(265.8) = −4.22, p <.001."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Time and Continuity — outcome: instruction changes it

Related Claims¶

• Learners judge explanatory feedback as more effective preparation than correct-response feedback, in both studies — related
• Students rated ChatGPT highly for completing activities more quickly, among the highest-scoring survey items in both courses — related
• Preservice educators rate generative AI highest for logistical support (time saving, clarity, organizing thought) and lowest for epistemic trust, accuracy and consistency — related