Questionnaire data may capture learners' perceptions rather than the strategies they actually performed¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · theoretical r3 · q1
Currency · newest study 2011 · checked against its sources 2026-10-22 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person · overdue for a recheck since 2014: tool and model accuracy changes quickly

Subclaims¶

q1 i? The validity of questionnaire data is challenged because learners may not accurately report what they did, and questionnaires may measure perception rather than strategies actually performed. → Gonny Schellings & Bernadette Van Hout-Wolters 2011

Evidence¶

Gonny Schellings & Bernadette Van Hout-Wolters 2011¶

Gonny Schellings & Bernadette Van Hout-Wolters. (2011). Measuring strategy use with self-report instruments: theoretical and empirical considerations. Metacognition and Learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-011-9081-9

q1 · i? · theoretical · r3

The editorial's methodological-considerations section states this validity challenge, citing Richardson (2004) and Perry and Winne (2006). It is a conceptual assertion about questionnaire validity, offered without new data in this article.

"The validity of a questionnaire 's data is especially challenged: learners may not be able to accurately report what they generally do or what they have done in finishing an assignment; or questionnaires may measure the learners ' perception rather than strategies actually performed"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Learners hold positive attitudes toward glosses, but their perceptions of which gloss type works best do not match measured performance — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Students accurately perceive differences between clear and unclear lessons regardless of concept structure — related
• Students' perceptions of mastery, emotions, and satisfaction were similarly high across all three feedback conditions — related
• Self-report measures of SRL capture perceptions of strategy use rather than implementation quality, and a combined trace-data approach may be best — possibly the same claim (merge candidate)
• Low questionnaire–think-aloud correlations may have two alternative explanations besides poor self-report ability: the methods may measure different strategies or be aimed at different tasks — related
• Metacognition assessment is shifting from self-report questionnaires toward process-oriented multimodal methods, which face validity and data-alignment challenges — related
• External validity of the special-issue strategy measures was mixed: low-to-moderate comprehension correlations for Bräten and Strømsø and Magliano et al., indeterminate for Schellings and Winne and Muis — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Short et al.'s (1976) four bipolar scales are questionable as a social presence measure because they lack construct validation and assess attitudes toward the medium rather than perceived 'realness' — related