Related word pairs were far better recalled than unrelated pairs, while younger and older adults recalled a similar overall proportion of pairs¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r3 · q3 · i3 large
Currency · newest study 2024 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i3 Related word pairs were better recalled (M = 0.86) than unrelated word pairs (M = 0.40), a very large effect (d = 2.03). → Murphy 2024

Evidence¶

Murphy 2024¶

Murphy, D. H., Rhodes, M. G., & Castel, A. D. (2024). Age-related differences in metacognitive reactivity in younger and older adults. Metacognition and Learning, 19, 863–877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-024-09391-0

q3 · i3 · causal · r3

Main effect of relatedness in the pre-registered experiment: "related word pairs were better recalled (M = 0.86, SD = 0.16) than unrelated word pairs (M = 0.40, SD = 0.27)", F(1, 477) = 2,182.68, ηp2 = 0.82; t-test d = 2.03.

"Results revealed that related word pairs were better recalled (M = 0.86, SD = 0.16) than unrelated word pairs (M = 0.40, SD = 0.27), [F(1, 477) = 2,182.68, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.82, BF10 > 100]; a separate t-test corroborated this effect [ t(480) = 44.73, p < .001, d = 2.03"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• JOL reactivity depended on pair relatedness: negative reactivity for unrelated word pairs but no reactivity for related word pairs
• Exploratory analyses suggest older adults' negative reactivity was specific to unrelated word pairs, with no reactivity for related pairs in either age group
• JOL reactivity differed by age: making JOLs impaired older adults' recall but did not affect younger adults' recall
• Older adults allocate proportionally more study time to easy and medium items while younger adults allocate more to difficult items, yet older adults recall less despite studying more — related
• Adults recall more biologically primary knowledge words than biologically secondary knowledge words in a paired vocabulary learning task — related