Words participants said they would remember were recalled earlier in output than words predicted to be forgotten or words not given a prediction¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r1 · q3 · i2 medium
Currency · newest study 2023 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i2 In Experiment 1a, remember words were recalled earlier in output than forget words (d = 0.69) and unselected words (d = 0.73). → Dillon H. Murphy 2023

Evidence¶

Dillon H. Murphy 2023¶

Dillon H. Murphy, Vered Halamish, Matthew G. Rhodes, & Alan D. Castel. (2023). How evaluating memorability can lead to Unintended Consequences. Metacognition and Learning (2023) 18:375–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-023-09332-3

q3 · i2 · causal · r1

Output-position analysis of the Experiment 1a free recall protocols (48 undergraduates, fixed 30-s study). Remember-predicted words emerged earliest in output, "[pholm < 0.001, d = 0.69]" versus forget words and "[pholm < 0.001, d = 0.73]" versus unselected words.

"the words participants said they would remember ( M = 2.82, SD = 1.10) were recalled earlier than words predicted to be forgotten ( M = 4.02, SD = 1.86), [pholm < 0.001, d = 0.69] and words not given a prediction ( M = 4.08, SD = 0.96), [pholm < 0.001, d = 0.73]"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• When the number of remember, forget, and unselected words was equated, words predicted to be forgotten were recalled similarly to unselected words — related
• Judging words as likely to be forgotten enhanced their recall relative to unselected words under simultaneous presentation with fixed or self-paced study time — related
• In self-cued directed forgetting, selected words were better recalled than unselected words regardless of whether they were designated to-be-remembered or to-be-forgotten — related
• Under sequential presentation with Likert ratings for every word, no memory benefit emerged for items judged likely to be forgotten; negative ratings predicted the poorest recall — related
• Relative to random choice, a metacognitive judgment of remembering boosted recall while a judgment of forgetting was associated with a memory cost — related
• When every word was judged, words circled as to-be-remembered were recalled better and words underlined as to-be-forgotten worse than a no-instruction control group's recall — related
• Merely selecting words by clicking on them, without any memorability instructions, enhanced their recall (a choice effect) — related