A two-year quasi-experimental study in Hong Kong found full-implementation restorative whole-school approach students reported significantly less bullying and larger empathy and self-esteem gains than control students¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · review r3 · q2
Currency · newest study 2019 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

Reading the evidence codes

q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.

This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.

q2 i? After two years of the Restorative Whole School Approach, full treatment students reported statistically significantly less bullying overall, including physical and exclusion bullying, than control students. → Fronius 2019 q2 i? Full treatment students exhibited larger gains in empathy and self-esteem than control students. → Fronius 2019

Evidence¶

Fronius 2019¶

Fronius, Darling-Hammond, Persson, Guckenburg, Hurley, & Petrosino. (2019). Restorative Justice in U.S. Schools: An Updated Research Review. WestEd Justice & Prevention Research Center. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED595733

q2 · i? · review · r3

The review reports a quasi-experimental analysis of 1,480 students in grades 7-9 from four Hong Kong schools comparing control, partial treatment, and full treatment groups. Full treatment students showed "statistically significantly less bullying overall" than control students after two years.

"after two years of RWSA, the full treatment students indicated experiencing statistically significantly less bullying overall, and specifically less physical and exclusion bullying, than control students"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

Social Awareness and Relationship Skills — outcome: instruction changes it

SWPBIS reduces the rate of increase in teacher-reported bullying perpetration over elementary school — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
SEL programs improve social emotional skills — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
After school-wide positive and restorative discipline training, Black-White and LGBTQ-straight differences in perceived bullying converged at one majority-minority school — related
School shooters are rarely the bullied loners of popular stereotype, and bullying prevention alone will not eliminate shootings — related

Page metadata

Field	Value
`type`	`claim`
`id`	`rwsa-hong-kong-less-bullying-empathy-gains`
`title`	`A two-year quasi-experimental study in Hong Kong found full-implementation restorative whole-school approach students reported significantly less bullying and larger empathy and self-esteem gains than control students`
`description`	`A two-year quasi-experimental study in Hong Kong found full-implementation restorative whole-school approach students reported significantly less bullying and larger empathy and self-esteem gains than control students`
`status`	`review`
`evidence_strength`	`weak`
`newest_evidence`	`2019`
`generated`	by `process:wiki-ingest` on `2026-10-09`
`trust`	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
`sources`	1 — `fronius-2019`

Frontmatter is the page's machine-readable record — see the Schema & Guide.