The meaning of theoretical arrows (causal vs predictive, timescale, functional form, magnitude) is unclear, and cross-lagged effect signs can change with assessment intervals¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · theoretical r3 · q1
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q1 i? In continuous time modelling, even the sign of cross-lagged effects can differ depending on the time intervals between assessments. → Murayama 2025

Evidence¶

Murayama 2025¶

Murayama, K., & von Keyserlingk, L. (2025). A critical analysis of the current motivation theories in educational psychology: Why the same theories continue to dominate. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2025.2473894

q1 · i? · theoretical · r3

The article cites Kuiper and Ryan's (2018) continuous time modelling result as evidence that regression-based tests do not pin down what theoretical arrows mean, since "the sign of the cross-lagged effects" can change with assessment intervals. This is an attributed statistical finding, not this article's own data.

"Kuiper and Ryan (2018) statistically showed that even the sign of the cross-lagged effects (e.g., the effects of a motivation construct on an outcome variable) can be different when the time intervals between the assessments are different"

Discussion¶

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