After positive feedback, individuals with Down syndrome were more likely to switch responses and individuals with Williams syndrome less likely than typically developing controls, while evidence for Fragile X syndrome was inconclusive¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r? · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? DS individuals were more likely to change response after wins than TD (b = 1.47), whereas WS individuals were less likely (b = -0.87). → Hallman 2026 q3 i? In pairwise comparisons after wins, DS individuals changed responses more than FXS (OR = 2.8) and WS (OR = 6.59) individuals, and FXS more than WS (OR = 2.34). → Hallman 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Hallman 2026¶

Hallman, A. E. Z., Willfors, C., Frick, M. A., Nordgren, A. & Kleberg, J. L. (2026). Comparing feedback learning and arousal responses in Down, Fragile X, and Williams syndromes. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-026-00438-2

q3 · i? · associational · r?

Bayesian GLMM results in the Results section, with TD and loss as reference categories. The model interaction shows "DS were more likely to change response after wins" with b = 1.47 and BF > 150, and "WS were less likely" with b = -0.87, BF = 12.79.

"DS were more likely to change response after wins (b = 1.47, 95% CI = [0.74, 2.18], BF > 150, pd = 1), whereas WS were less likely (b = -0.87, 95% CI = [ −1.51, −0.23], BF = 12.79, pd =1 )."

Hallman 2026 (2)¶

Hallman, A. E. Z., Willfors, C., Frick, M. A., Nordgren, A. & Kleberg, J. L. (2026). Comparing feedback learning and arousal responses in Down, Fragile X, and Williams syndromes. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-026-00438-2

q3 · i? · associational · r?

Follow-up pairwise comparisons (Fig. 1) between syndromes after wins, reported in the Results section. The article additionally reports "FXS individuals were more likely to change response after wins than WS individuals (OR: 2.34, 95% HPD [1.03, 4.16])."

"The results showed that after positive feedback (win), DS individuals were more likely to change their response than both FXS individuals (OR: 2.8, 95% HPD [1.08, 5.41]) and WS individuals (OR: 6.59, 95% HPD [2.93, 11.96]), as indicated by the HPD interval not covering 1."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• All groups, including individuals with Down, Fragile X, and Williams syndromes, adapted their choices based on deterministic feedback, staying with rewarded options and switching after losses — related
• On loss trials, smaller pupil dilation predicted response change in TD participants while larger dilation predicted it in FXS participants, with no robust effect in DS or WS — related