Early numeracy shows a two-factor structure (NRS and CS) on the Dutch ENT-3, with the two-factor model outperforming a one-factor model at several time points¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr2·q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? CFAs at each of six time points supported a two-factor model of NRS and CS over a unidimensional model, though evidence varied by time point. → Verkerk 2026
Evidence¶
Verkerk 2026¶
Verkerk, J. C., van de Rijt, B., & van Viersen, S. (2026). Development of numerical relational and counting skills as components of early numeracy. Learning and Instruction. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102313
q3 · i? · associational · r2
Confirmatory factor analyses on ENT-3 data at each time point showed the two-factor NRS/CS model had excellent fit and "outperformed the one-factor model at T1, T3, and T4" (all p < .001); at T2, T5, and T6 differences were not significant, though the two-factor structure was retained.
"The two-factor model outperformed the one-factor model at T1, T3, and T4 as confirmed by chi-square difference tests (T1: Δχ2 (1) = 7.76, p < .001; T3: Δχ2 (1) = 7.59, p < .001; T4: Δχ2 (1) = 6.21, p < .001)."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Initial levels and growth in numerical relational skills contribute to counting skill development, suggesting NRS may precede CS — related
- Correlations between NRS and CS decrease slightly over time, being stronger in kindergarten than in Grade 1 — related
- Numerical relational and counting skills both develop nonlinearly between mid-Kindergarten year 1 and the end of Grade 1, with NRS decelerating and CS accelerating — related
- A one-factor unidimensional model is the most reasonable fit for MAP computerized adaptive Reading and Mathematics tests across grades, terms, and ten states, though Michigan Mathematics misses the RMSEA criterion — related
- Global-fit evidence does not clearly favor unidimensional over multidimensional academic resilience measurement models, as fit-index pass rates diverge by index — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
two-factor-structure-ent3-nrs-cs |
title |
Early numeracy shows a two-factor structure (NRS and CS) on the Dutch ENT-3, with the two-factor model outperforming a one-factor model at several time points |
description |
Early numeracy shows a two-factor structure (NRS and CS) on the Dutch ENT-3, with the two-factor model outperforming a one-factor model at several time points |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2026 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-23 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — verkerk-2026 |
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