Most VR assessments occur at Miller's performance level, with the action level absent¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · review r3 · q3
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Nineteen of 26 studies (73%) assessed at the performance level (Shows how) using clinical cases such as OSCEs or surgical procedures; the action level was absent. → Neher Andrea N. 2025

Evidence¶

Neher Andrea N. 2025¶

Neher Andrea N., Bühlmann Florian, Müller Martin, Berendonk Christoph, Sauter Thomas C., Birrenbach Tanja. (2025). Virtual reality for assessment in undergraduate nursing and medical education – a systematic review. BMC Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06867-8

q3 · i? · review · r3

Review synthesis coding assessments against Miller's pyramid. The review reports that "The remaining 19 performance level studies (73%) used clinical cases such as Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) or surgical procedures" and that the action level was absent.

"The remaining 19 performance level studies (73%) used clinical cases such as Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) or surgical procedures [11, 23–29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40–42, 44, 46, 47]. The action level, was absent, as it would ideally occur during clinical practice [22]."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Automated VR assessment could reduce examiner workload and increase objectivity in OSCE-style practical exams — related
• Computer vision and machine learning enable objective, automated surgical skill assessment — related
• VR tools enhance acquisition and retention of clinical and procedural skills but face barriers including cybersickness, limited tactile feedback and variable long-term skill transfer — related
• No longitudinal studies or RCTs demonstrate that AI-acquired skills transfer to the operating room — related