Witkin's orientation tests showed marked individual differences and self-consistency in perceiving the upright, with only a tendency toward two distinguishable groups¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · review r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 1985 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Evidence quality · No study behind this claim is a peer-reviewed article with a DOI: it rests on an ERIC document (a report, conference paper or thesis). It is kept because 2 design pages cite it; treat it as a lead to check, not an established finding.

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Across the body-adjustment, rod-and-frame and rotating-room tests, subjects differed markedly and used the same way of integrating information across conditions. → Tamaoka 1985

Evidence¶

Tamaoka 1985¶

Tamaoka, Katsuo. (1985). Historical Development of Learning Style Inventories from Dichotomous Cognitive Concepts of Field Dependence and Field Independence to Multi-Dimensional Assessment. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED339729

q2 · i? · the article prints no effect size for this finding · review · r2

The review reports Witkin and Asch's rod-and-frame experiment with 53 adults, in which the frame was tilted 28 degrees right or left. Witkin observed that "subjects perceived the tilted frame as upright" at one extreme while others set the rod to true vertical, showing individual differences.

"There were subjects who, despite the tilt of the frame, brought the rod close to the true vertical and horizontal: at the other extreme subjects perceived the tilted frame as upright, and aligned the rod with it"

Discussion¶

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