Direct experimental research toward the materials, organization, and attention problems of visual methods¶

Strategy · All strategies
Evidence · 2 claims (2 against) · 1 study (1 theoretical), q2 · 0 of 1 report an effect size · 2 claims rest on one study

Description¶

Freeman recommends a program of experimentation in place of propaganda: determine which subject matter is best adapted to visual presentation, work out the span of attention of pupils systematically, find the best methods of securing and directing attention, study the rapidity of presentation and amount of detail, and determine how much repetition and review secures permanence of learning. He argues films must furnish intellectual stimulation and satisfaction in addition to sensory appeal, adapted to pupils' intellectual capacities, interests, and activities.

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

• Analysis of probable advantages must be supplemented and verified by careful scientific procedure

Constraints¶

• The problems mentioned relate particularly to motion pictures

Target Learners¶

• school pupils generally

Target Learning Goals¶

• effective organization and presentation of visual instructional material

Claims¶

• McClusky's experiment with over 700 children found visual methods possess little, if any, superiority over existing presentation methods [-W]
• Motion picture methods showed no advantage over older visual methods in the McClusky comparison [-W]

Related Strategies¶

Examples¶

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Key Sources¶

• Frank N. Freeman. (1922). Research Versus Propaganda in Visual Education. The Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. XI, No. 5. https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/13/5/