Four-part research agenda: longitudinal studies, hybrid frameworks, ethical frameworks, and underrepresented STEM domains¶

Strategy · All strategies
Evidence · no claims cited

Description¶

The review's conclusions propose four directions for advancing AI–metacognition research in STEM. First, "longitudinal and experimental studies should be prioritised to examine the long-term effects of AI-supported metacognitive interventions." Second, hybrid and posthumanist frameworks should be expanded to understand how human and machine cognition co-construct learning. Third, explicit ethical frameworks are required to ensure transparency, fairness, and accountability in AI-metacognitive systems. Fourth, future research should extend to underrepresented STEM domains—technology, engineering, and early childhood education—to promote inclusivity and equity.

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

• Few reviewed studies employed longitudinal or experimental designs capable of identifying causal or sustained effects, motivating the first recommendation

Constraints¶

• Research remains uneven across STEM domains, with limited representation in technology and engineering education as well as early-childhood and teacher-education contexts

Target Learners¶

• STEM learners in underrepresented domains including technology, engineering, and early childhood education

Target Learning Goals¶

• AI-mediated metacognitive development

Related Strategies¶

• Pursue symbolic, hybrid, and metaverse-based AI approaches to address gaps left by subsymbolic AI in collaborative learning
• Advance AI-motivation research through theory-driven, pedagogically explicit, longitudinal designs covering broader motivational constructs

Examples¶

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Key Sources¶

• Tsakeni, Maria, Stephen C. Nwafor, Moeketsi Mosia, and Felix O. Egara. 2025. Mapping the Scaffolding of Metacognition and Learning by AI Tools in STEM Classrooms: A Bibliometric–Systematic Review Approach (2005–2025). Journal of Intelligence 13: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13110148