Frame abstract gaze cues as human eye movements in the introductory text so learners perceive EMME as a social learning situation¶

Strategy · All strategies
Evidence · 1 claim (1 mixed) · 1 study (1 causal), q1 · 0 of 1 report an effect size · 1 claim rests on one study

Description¶

Because EMME visualize gaze with abstract stimuli such as a moving dot, circle or spotlight, the article argues that learners need to be told the cue's human origin for social factors to come into play. It cites evidence that people can interpret abstract cues as human eye movements, that anthropomorphic ascriptions change stimulus processing, and that belief in a cue's social origin improved visual search. Accordingly, when investigating alleged model-observer similarity, the authors "provided no further information about other model characteristics in the introductory text or in the EMME-videos", so the description of the model was the only source of information about it.

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

• An introductory text must inform learners that the abstract gaze cue represents human gaze behavior and explain the display conventions (e.g., spotlight size as fixation time).
• No other model characteristics (gender, status, age) should be revealed when the aim is to isolate the effect of alleged competence similarity.

Constraints¶

• The article presents the social-learning-situation mechanism as an assumption grounded in cited prior work, not as a manipulation tested within this experiment.

Target Learners¶

• Novice university students learning with multimedia materials

Target Learning Goals¶

• Engaging with modeled processing strategies as a social learning situation
• Adopting effective multimedia processing strategies

Affordances¶

• Emme Three Perspectives Effectiveness

Claims¶

• The exploratory analyses provided first evidence that social comparison orientation interacts with (alleged) model competence regarding EMME effectiveness. [~W] (why the model's alleged competence, and so its framing as a person, matters)

Related Strategies¶

• Emme Eye Movement Modeling Examples
• Eye Movement Modeling Examples (EMME) as an instructional tool for multimedia learning: the eye movement modeling examples this introduction is written for

Examples¶

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Key Sources¶

• Krebs, M.-C., Schüler, A., & Scheiter, K. (2021). Do prior knowledge, model-observer similarity and social comparison influence the effectiveness of eye movement modeling examples for supporting multimedia learning? Instructional Science, 49, 607–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-021-09552-7