Reserve the term 'collaboration' for interaction that meaningfully approximates it, using the taxonomy for other interaction types¶

Strategy · All strategies
Evidence · no claims cited

Description¶

The chapter recommends that researchers and designers stop labelling transactional through praxical human–AI interaction as collaboration and instead name it consultation, governance, delegation, or instruction. To preserve the analytic power of the construct, 'the term should be reserved for interaction that meaningfully approximates it', with the five-level taxonomy supplying the more honest vocabulary and the diagnostic questions for classifying what a system actually affords.

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

• Coding systems by the taxonomy's observable diagnostic questions before characterising an interaction as collaborative

Constraints¶

• Levels one through four are valuable interaction types with their own evaluative criteria, not failures; the point is diagnostic precision, not ranking

Target Learners¶

• education researchers, technology designers, and policymakers

Target Learning Goals¶

• accurate description and evaluation of human–AI interaction in educational settings

Affordances¶

• Five Level Taxonomy Human Ai Teaming

Related Strategies¶

Examples¶

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Key Sources¶

• Mutlu Cukurova. (2026). What do you mean by 'human–AI collaboration'? Prerequisite functions and the affordances needed to achieve it. Submitted to the Handbook of AI and the Future of Education. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4854