Within the same neighborhoods and schools, boys and Black students are more likely to be overage for grade, a proxy for prior retention¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2023 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2028: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Among students in the same census tracts and the same schools, boys (vs. girls) and Black students (vs. peers of other races/ethnicities) were more likely to be overage for grade. → Irsheid 2023

Evidence¶

Irsheid 2023¶

Irsheid, S. (2023). Beyond the Student: Structural Factors that Affect Grade Retention. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Consortium on School Research. https://consortium.uchicago.edu/publications/beyond-the-student

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Findings section of the brief, from the observational CPS analysis: within-census-tract and within-school comparisons showed gender and racial disparities in being overage for grade, which the brief treats as a proxy for prior retention. The same pattern is reported for elementary schools.

"Among students living in the same census tracts, boys (vs. girls) and Black students (vs. peers of other races/ethnicities) were more likely to be overage for grade, a proxy for prior retention."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Gender — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause

Related Claims¶

• Students in census tracts with unaffordable housing, low home ownership, or little green space have higher odds of grade retention, even with similar achievement — related
• Overage students at high schools with great racial equity climate are twice as likely to graduate in four years as those at schools with poor racial equity climate — related
• Neighborhood groupings reveal variation within Chicago's 77 community areas that typical analyses miss — related
• At racially/ethnically diverse schools, African American boys are suspended at about 13 percentage points higher rates than other students in the same school — related
• Payne argues that color-blind ideology in schools precludes discussion of how outcomes and privilege are distributed by race — related
• Black and Latinx students were less likely than their peers to be in the On-Track category, and within each race/ethnicity group boys were less likely to be on-track than girls — related
• Black students experience a more hostile campus racial climate than other students of color in schools — related
• Graduation rates by age 19 in Chicago varied substantially by race/ethnicity and gender, with African-American boys lowest (39 percent) and Asian girls highest (85 percent) — related