California's shift to restorative and social-emotional approaches coincided with a 33.6% decline in suspensions and 40.4% decline in expulsions (2011-2016) while schools became safer¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · review r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 2019 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Between 2011 and 2016 California suspensions declined 33.6% (77% for willful defiance) and expulsions dropped 40.4%, with declines across racial and socioeconomic groups. → Cardichon 2019

Evidence¶

Cardichon 2019¶

Cardichon, J., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2019). Protecting students' civil rights: The federal role in school discipline. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/student-civil-rights-school-discipline doi:10.33682/a3vc-nfcx

q2 · i? · review · r1

The report's state-case analysis of California's policy changes reports that "suspensions declined by 33.6%" and expulsions dropped 40.4% between 2011 and 2016, with declines holding for all racial and socioeconomic groups and school levels.

"Between 2011 and 2016, suspensions declined by 33.6%, driven by a 77% decline in suspensions for “willful defiance,” and expulsions dropped by 40.4%."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Schools implementing restorative justice report decreases in exclusionary discipline such as suspensions and expulsions — a broader claim this one bears on
• Experts report reduced suspensions and expulsions and improved school climate as RJ implementation successes — a broader claim this one bears on
• Youth with an IEP became more engaged in school and extracurricular activities over the past decade, with little change in grade retention, suspensions, and expulsions — related
• In Maryland, disciplinary removals (out-of-school suspensions and expulsions) declined over the past 10 years while discipline disparities persisted — related
• Grade retention, suspensions, and expulsions among youth with an IEP showed little change over the past decade — related
• Denver Public Schools' restorative justice reforms coincided with falling suspension rates and a narrowed Black-White suspension gap — related
• Chicago policy changes coincided with steep drops in suspensions and expulsions for girls of color — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Massachusetts Chapter 222 coincided with out-of-school suspensions for Black girls falling from 16 to 9 per 100 — related
• Shifting to restorative practices reduced exclusionary discipline and its racial disparities while improving climate and achievement — a broader claim this one bears on
• Schurz High School's Cultivate-driven feedback-for-growth improvement work coincided with improved student experiences and out-of-school suspensions dropping to one-half of the prior year's number — related