Chinese students' spontaneous definitions of intelligence include more fluid and less crystallized intelligence than US students', corresponding to their more fixed mindsets¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr2·q3
Currency · newest study 2021 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
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This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? A χ2-test on intelligence definition categories (excluding the neither category) was significant, indicating the samples differed in how they spontaneously defined intelligence. → Xin Sun 2021
Evidence¶
Xin Sun 2021¶
Xin Sun, Shaylene Nancekivell, Susan A. Gelman and Priti Shah. (2021). Growth mindset and academic outcomes: a comparison of US and Chinese students. npj Science of Learning 6:21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00100-z
q3 · i? · associational · r2
χ2-test on coded spontaneous definitions in Study 2, after removing the "neither fluid nor crystallized intelligence" category; Table 4 shows 36.3% of Chinese vs. 27.0% of US definitions were fluid-only.
"The result was signi ficant: χ2 (2) = 39.44, p < 0.001. Therefore, Chinese students incorporated relatively more fluid intelligence and less crystallized intelligence in their spontaneous de finitions of intelligence"
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Mindset ratings differ by intelligence definition (self-defined, fluid, crystallized) with a significant country × definition interaction — related
- Spontaneous intelligence definitions relate to mindset ratings: crystallized-only definers hold more growth mindsets, with no country × definition interaction — related
- Chinese college students endorse more fixed intelligence mindsets, more effort attribution for school-level achievement, and more ability attribution for expert-level achievement than US students — a broader claim this one bears on
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
chinese-definitions-more-fluid-less-crystallized |
title |
Chinese students' spontaneous definitions of intelligence include more fluid and less crystallized intelligence than US students', corresponding to their more fixed mindsets |
description |
Chinese students' spontaneous definitions of intelligence include more fluid and less crystallized intelligence than US students', corresponding to their more fixed mindsets |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2021 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-26 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — xin-sun-2021 |
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