Mindset ratings differ by intelligence definition (self-defined, fluid, crystallized) with a significant country × definition interaction¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q3 · i1–i3
Currency · newest study 2021 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i3 In the 2×3 mixed ANOVA, the country main effect (η2 = 0.14), definition main effect (η2 = 0.37), and interaction (η2 = 0.06) were all significant. → Xin Sun 2021 q3 i1 US students rated fluid intelligence as more fixed than crystallized intelligence (d = 0.88), whereas Chinese students rated self-defined intelligence as most fixed (d = 1.54 vs. crystallized; d = 0.34 vs. fluid). → Xin Sun 2021 (2)

Evidence¶

Xin Sun 2021¶

Xin Sun, Shaylene Nancekivell, Susan A. Gelman and Priti Shah. (2021). Growth mindset and academic outcomes: a comparison of US and Chinese students. npj Science of Learning 6:21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00100-z

q3 · i3 · associational · r2

A 2 (country) × 3 (self-defined, fluid, crystallized intelligence) mixed ANOVA compared mindset beliefs between samples (Fig. 3); all three omnibus effects were significant, with the country main effect at "η2 = 0.14".

"The two main effects and the interaction were all significant: the country main effect, F(1, 358) = 55.88, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.14; the intelligence definition main effect, F(2, 716) = 205.58, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.37; the interaction, F(2, 716) = 23.08, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.06."

Xin Sun 2021 (2)¶

Xin Sun, Shaylene Nancekivell, Susan A. Gelman and Priti Shah. (2021). Growth mindset and academic outcomes: a comparison of US and Chinese students. npj Science of Learning 6:21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00100-z

q3 · i1 · associational · r2

Post hoc pairwise tests within each country (p-adjusted = 0.017); in the Chinese sample, "self-de fined intelligence was rated as the most fixed", compared to fluid (d = 0.34) and crystallized intelligence (d = 1.54).

"The US sample rated fluid intelligence as more fixed than self-de fined intelligence ( t(188) = −5.10, p < 0.001, d = 0.28) and crystallized intelligence ( t(188) = −10.11, p < 0.001, d = 0.88);"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Chinese students' spontaneous definitions of intelligence include more fluid and less crystallized intelligence than US students', corresponding to their more fixed mindsets — related
• Spontaneous intelligence definitions relate to mindset ratings: crystallized-only definers hold more growth mindsets, with no country × definition interaction — reports the opposite
• Growth mindsets associate with higher US mathematics scores but slightly lower Chinese mathematics scores (country × mindset interaction) — related