Cluster 2 countries outperformed Cluster 1 countries in PISA 2022 only in science (about 20 PISA points, p = .002), with no significant differences in mathematics or reading¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr2·q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
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q2 i? Compared with Family-Supported Asynchronous Virtual Instruction countries, Cluster 2 countries showed higher 2022 performance in all domains, but a statistically significant difference only in science. → Giang Pham 2026
Evidence¶
Giang Pham 2026¶
Giang Pham, Franziska Maria Locher, Dimitra Kolovou, Eliane Arnold. (2026). COVID-19: A cross-national analysis with PISA data. Learning and Instruction 105 (2026) 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102366
q2 · i? · associational · r2
Double-selection lasso regression contrasting Cluster 2 vs Cluster 1 (N = 47 countries) with covariate controls. The article reports "a statistically significant difference was observed only in science (approximately 20 PISA points, p = .002)"; no significant differences in the other two domains.
"Compared with countries characterised by more Family-Supported Asynchronous Virtual Instruction (Cluster 1), countries in Cluster 2 demonstrated higher student performance in 2022 across all domains. However, a statistically significant difference was observed only in science (approximately 20 PISA points, p = .002)"
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Pandemic-related performance change was more positive in Cluster 2 than Cluster 3 countries across all domains, and more positive than Cluster 1 in reading and science — related
- Countries with Accentuated Teacher-Led Synchronous Instruction showed better PISA 2022 performance than countries with Accentuated Instructional Disruption across all domains, with modest effects — related
- Pandemic-era teaching and learning conditions across 47 countries fall into three clusters: Family-Supported Asynchronous Virtual Instruction, Accentuated Teacher-Led Synchronous Instruction, and Accentuated Instructional Disruption — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
cluster2-vs-cluster1-science-only-advantage |
title |
Cluster 2 countries outperformed Cluster 1 countries in PISA 2022 only in science (about 20 PISA points, p = .002), with no significant differences in mathematics or reading |
description |
Cluster 2 countries outperformed Cluster 1 countries in PISA 2022 only in science (about 20 PISA points, p = .002), with no significant differences in mathematics or reading |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2026 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-23 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — giang-pham-2026 |
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