Countries with Accentuated Teacher-Led Synchronous Instruction showed better PISA 2022 performance than countries with Accentuated Instructional Disruption across all domains, with modest effects¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? After controlling for previous PISA performance and other covariates, Cluster 2 countries outperformed Cluster 3 countries in mathematics (about 7 PISA points, p = .04), reading (10 points, p = .02), and science (5.8 points, p = .08, not significant). → Giang Pham 2026

Evidence¶

Giang Pham 2026¶

Giang Pham, Franziska Maria Locher, Dimitra Kolovou, Eliane Arnold. (2026). COVID-19: A cross-national analysis with PISA data. Learning and Instruction 105 (2026) 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102366

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Double-selection lasso regression at country level (N = 47) contrasting Cluster 2 vs Cluster 3 as treatment, controlling for pre-pandemic performance, ESCS, GDP and school-closure measures. The article reports "approximately 7 PISA points in mathematics (p = .04)" and 10 points in reading (p = .02); the science difference (p = .08) was not significant.

"countries characterised by Accentuated Teacher-Led Synchronous Instruction (Cluster 2) demonstrated better student performance in 2022 across all domains compared with countries with Accentuated Instructional Disruption (Cluster 3). However, the size of these effects was modest: approximately 7 PISA points in mathematics (p = .04), 10 points in reading (p = .02), and 5.8 points in science (p = .08)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Pandemic-related performance change was more positive in Cluster 2 than Cluster 3 countries across all domains, and more positive than Cluster 1 in reading and science — possibly the same claim (merge candidate)
• Cluster 2 countries outperformed Cluster 1 countries in PISA 2022 only in science (about 20 PISA points, p = .002), with no significant differences in mathematics or reading — related
• Pandemic-era teaching and learning conditions across 47 countries fall into three clusters: Family-Supported Asynchronous Virtual Instruction, Accentuated Teacher-Led Synchronous Instruction, and Accentuated Instructional Disruption — a broader claim this one bears on