Cumulative distribution analysis shows the dual-memory model systematically overpredicts test performance at all restudy levels for high-relatedness pairs, ruling out a participant-level ceiling effect¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? The model overpredicted PCT across all levels of PCR for the high relatedness group, indicating reduced testing efficacy across a broad spectrum of task ability. → Gupta 2026

Evidence¶

Gupta 2026¶

Gupta, M.W., Pan, S.C., & Rickard, T.C. (2026). Semantic relatedness and the efficacy of retrieval practice. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-026-00416-8

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Cumulative proportion-correct distribution analysis (Figure 5) of the cued-recall experiment. The article reports that "the model systematically overpredicted the PCT values across all levels of PCR" for the high relatedness group, indicating reduced testing efficacy across ability levels.

"the model systematically overpredicted the PCT values across all levels of PCR for the high relatedness group. Because the PC distributions reflect both proportion correct sampling variability and individual differences in task ability 24,27, these results indicate that high relatedness materials reduce the efficacy of testing across a broad spectrum of individual differences in task ability."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Model-based analysis shows the relative efficacy of testing is reduced for highly related word pairs, with the dual-memory model overpredicting test performance only in the high-relatedness group — related
• A correlated-strengths extension of the dual-memory model with correlation parameter ρ = .334 fits the high-relatedness mean and distribution data — related
• The quadratic relation between restudy and test performance masks the relatedness effect in mean testing-effect magnitudes, because more high-relatedness participants fall in the PCR range where testing effects are largest — related
• Item-level generalized linear mixed model finds no Testing Condition × Semantic Relatedness interaction, and item-level proportions correct show no pervasive ceiling effect — reports the opposite
• Retrieval practice with feedback improves 24-hour cued recall more than restudy, and high semantic relatedness raises overall accuracy, but the Training Task × Relatedness ANOVA interaction is non-significant — related