The quadratic relation between restudy and test performance masks the relatedness effect in mean testing-effect magnitudes, because more high-relatedness participants fall in the PCR range where testing effects are largest¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? About 29.2% of high-relatedness participants had PCR between about .4 and .6, versus only 10.1% in the low-relatedness group, offsetting the lower intrinsic testing efficacy and yielding roughly equivalent group mean testing effects. → Gupta 2026

Evidence¶

Gupta 2026¶

Gupta, M.W., Pan, S.C., & Rickard, T.C. (2026). Semantic relatedness and the efficacy of retrieval practice. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-026-00416-8

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Distributional account of the masked interaction in the cued-recall experiment: "about 29.2% of participants had PCR values within that range" (.4–.6) in the high group versus "only 10.1%" in the low group, so the two opposing factors offset one another in mean TE magnitudes.

"In the high relatedness group, about 29.2% of participants had PCR values within that range, whereas in the low relatedness group only 10.1% of PCR values were within that range."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Cumulative distribution analysis shows the dual-memory model systematically overpredicts test performance at all restudy levels for high-relatedness pairs, ruling out a participant-level ceiling effect — related
• Reanalysis of pooled data from four multimedia learning experiments found quadratic interactions, with the largest design difference at medium ability — related
• Retrieval practice with feedback improves 24-hour cued recall more than restudy, and high semantic relatedness raises overall accuracy, but the Training Task × Relatedness ANOVA interaction is non-significant — related