All five pre-defined-curriculum WhatsApp studies assessed Kirkpatrick level 2 knowledge outcomes, while a majority of remaining studies reported only level 1 attitudes¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · reviewr2·q2
Currency · newest study 2019 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? All five studies using WhatsApp with a pre-defined curriculum reported Kirkpatrick level 2 learner knowledge or confidence outcomes and showed improvement, whereas most other studies reported only Kirkpatrick level 1 attitudes. → Coleman E. 2019
Evidence¶
Coleman E. 2019¶
Coleman E., O'Connor E. (2019). The role of WhatsApp® in medical education; a scoping review and instructional design model. BMC Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1706-8
q2 · i? · review · r2
Narrative synthesis in the review's discussion of the five pre-defined-curriculum studies. The review reports all five assessed Kirkpatrick level 2 outcomes and "all showed an improvement in learner knowledge or confidence" despite methodological flaws.
"All five studies assessed Kirkpatrick level 2 outcomes, and notwithstanding some methodological flaws, all showed an improvement in learner knowledge or confidence following WhatsApp® learning."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- WhatsApp's most cited benefit is enabling learning anytime and anywhere, but intrusiveness, message volume and cognitive load impede learning
- Educational interventions for FM residents targeting the informal curriculum rarely produced behavior change: most were evaluated only at Kirkpatrick level 2 and study quality was low
- Seven studies totalling 647 learners reported improved knowledge after WhatsApp-based learning, though methodological weaknesses were apparent
- Evidence on transfer to clinical behavior and patient outcomes is scarce: only 2 studies reached Kirkpatrick level 3 and 1 reached level 4 — a broader claim this one bears on
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