Demographics predict school belonging: girls, urban youth, immigrants, and high-SES youth report higher belonging, while achievement is trivially related¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r3 · q3
Currency · newest study 2021 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Girls, urban youth, immigrants, and high-SES children had higher belonging; Indigenous status was a positive predictor; achievement predicted belonging but not practically significantly. → Philip Parker 2021

Evidence¶

Philip Parker 2021¶

Philip Parker, Kelly-Ann Allen, Rhiannon Parker, Jiesi Guo, Herbert W Marsh, Geetanjali Basarkod, and Theresa Dicke. (2021). School Belonging Predicts whether an Emerging Adult will be Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) after School. https://www.pwc.com.au/government/government-matters/youth-unemployment.html

q3 · i? · associational · r3

Exploratory multilevel model predicting belonging (Table 2): SES beta 0.12, Gender 0.15, Urban 0.07, Indigenous 0.05, Immigrant 0.06, Achievement 0.01; all weak effects. Cohort (2015) beta was -0.20.

"Girls, urban youth, Immigrants, and high SES children had higher levels of belonging. Academic achievement was also a significant predictor but the effect size was not practically significant. Indeed, the demographic and achievement predictors all had relatively weak effect sizes."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Race and Ethnicity — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause

Related Claims¶

• The belonging-NEET association does not vary by achievement, gender, SES, place, Indigenous/immigrant status, or cohort — related
• Health status predicts perceived school belonging beyond demographic controls — related
• Latino girls reported higher belonging and achievement than boys, and Latino subgroup and parent-education differences emerged in the sixth grade — related
• Indigenous youth and low-achieving, low-SES youth are at elevated NEET risk; school-average SES is protective — related
• School belonging at age 15 predicts lower likelihood of NEET status at ages 16-20 controlling for demographics, achievement, and school context — related