Children with DLD score below TD peers on arithmetic, geometric, and fraction skills in the upper primary grades¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associationalr2·q3·i3large
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i3 Children with DLD scored lower than TD peers on geometric skills in grade 6 after controlling for age, SES, and sex, ηp2 = .40. → Kleemans 2025
q3 i3 Children with DLD scored lower than TD peers on fraction skills in grade 6 after controlling for age, SES, and sex, ηp2 = .30. → Kleemans 2025 (2)
Evidence¶
Kleemans 2025¶
Kleemans, T., Vissers, C. T. W. M., & Segers, E. (2025). Linguistic precursors of sixth-grade geometric and fraction skills in children with and without Developmental Language Disorder. Learning and Instruction, 95, 102019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.102019
q3 · i3 · associational · r2
MANCOVA comparing children with DLD (n = 46) and TD peers (n = 122) with age, fathers' SES, and sex as covariates. DLD mean geometric skills was 15.63 vs. 39.95 for TD, F(1,163) = 107.89, p < .001, ηp2 = .40.
"Geometric skills (Grade 6) 15.63 7.98 39.95 14.04 107.89 <.001 .40"
Kleemans 2025 (2)¶
Kleemans, T., Vissers, C. T. W. M., & Segers, E. (2025). Linguistic precursors of sixth-grade geometric and fraction skills in children with and without Developmental Language Disorder. Learning and Instruction, 95, 102019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.102019
q3 · i3 · associational · r2
Same MANCOVA design: DLD children scored 4.15 on fraction skills versus 19.18 for TD, F(1,163) = 68.44, p < .001, ηp2 = .30. The article notes these effect sizes were more than double those of arithmetic skills.
"Fraction skills (Grade 6) 4.15 5.21 19.18 11.30 68.44 <.001 .30"
Discussion¶
Learner Variables¶
- Geometric Reasoning — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes
Related Claims¶
- Children with DLD show significantly more weaknesses and fewer strengths across linguistic and cognitive precursors than TD peers, except in verbal reasoning and arithmetic — related
- A strength in verbal reasoning partly compensates for geometry and fraction delays in children with DLD at the individual level — related
- Moderated mediation shows direct and indirect effects of linguistic precursors are equally strong for children with and without DLD — related
- Phonological skills and naming speed indirectly predict sixth-grade geometric and fraction skills via arithmetic skills in both DLD and TD children — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
dld-lower-geometric-fraction-arithmetic-skills |
title |
Children with DLD score below TD peers on arithmetic, geometric, and fraction skills in the upper primary grades |
description |
Children with DLD score below TD peers on arithmetic, geometric, and fraction skills in the upper primary grades |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
strong |
newest_evidence |
2025 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-23 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
2 — kleemans-2025, kleemans-2025-2 |
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