Both groups reported overall flow significantly above the scale median, but the experimental group was significantly above the median in action-awareness merging and time distortion while the control group was not¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (3 entries) · causal r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person
Design limits · Shu-Wei Liu 2025: the intervention came bundled with another change (read from the study by two models, 2026-10-29)

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Overall flow status was significantly higher than the scale median of 3 in both groups. → Shu-Wei Liu 2025 q2 i? The control group was not significantly higher than 3 in action-awareness merging and time distortion, which differed from the experimental group. → Shu-Wei Liu 2025 (2) q2 i? Neither group achieved a significant difference from 3 in loss of self-consciousness. → Shu-Wei Liu 2025 (3)

Evidence¶

Shu-Wei Liu 2025¶

Shu-Wei Liu, Hung-Yu Chan, & Huei-Tse Hou. (2025). Role-playing monument exploration: an online educational game with a role-playing mechanism and multi-dimensional scaffolding for monument tours. Education Tech Research Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-025-10480-3

q2 · i? · causal · r1

Wilcoxon signed rank tests against the 5-point scale median (3) after the activity: experimental group total M = 4.24 (p = .002), control group M = 4.08 (p = .015), both significantly above the median. Flow scale by Kiili (2006), α = 0.946.

"The results showed that the overall flow status was significantly higher than 3 in both the experimental and control groups, indicating that both groups of learners had positive flow status."

Shu-Wei Liu 2025 (2)¶

Shu-Wei Liu, Hung-Yu Chan, & Huei-Tse Hou. (2025). Role-playing monument exploration: an online educational game with a role-playing mechanism and multi-dimensional scaffolding for monument tours. Education Tech Research Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-025-10480-3

q2 · i? · causal · r1

Subdimension analysis of the flow scale: the experimental group was significantly above the median in action-awareness merging (M = 4.17, p = .006) and time distortion (M = 4.33, p = .002), while the control group was not (p = .119 and p = .088). The authors interpret this as deeper immersion in the game group.

"the control group was not significantly higher than 3 in the subdimensions of action-awareness merging and time distortion, which differed from the experimental group."

Shu-Wei Liu 2025 (3)¶

Shu-Wei Liu, Hung-Yu Chan, & Huei-Tse Hou. (2025). Role-playing monument exploration: an online educational game with a role-playing mechanism and multi-dimensional scaffolding for monument tours. Education Tech Research Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-025-10480-3

q2 · i? · causal · r1

Neither group differed significantly from the median on loss of self-consciousness (experimental M = 3.30, p = .338; control M = 3.28, p = .490). The authors suggest learners were concerned about their performance and how others perceived them.

"Nevertheless, in the subdimension of loss of self-consciousness, neither group achieved a significant difference from 3."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• No significant between-group difference was found in overall flow status, flow antecedents, or flow experience — reports the opposite