All groups looked longer at the previously rewarded option than at the loss-associated option, with no group differences in gaze allocation¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r? · q3 · i1 small
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i1 Participants overall looked longer at the option associated with a win than a loss (b = 0.43; OR = 1.53). → Hallman 2026 q3 i? No evidence was found for an interaction between previously chosen option and gaze allocation for any syndrome group, nor for differences from TD. → Hallman 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Hallman 2026¶

Hallman, A. E. Z., Willfors, C., Frick, M. A., Nordgren, A. & Kleberg, J. L. (2026). Comparing feedback learning and arousal responses in Down, Fragile X, and Williams syndromes. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-026-00438-2

q3 · i1 · causal · r?

Bayesian GLMM (Beta distribution) of proportion of fixation time on the previously chosen option, Results section. The printed odds ratio in Table 5 is OR = 1.53 [1.25, 1.88] for the win effect on gaze allocation.

"participants overall looked longer at the option that was associated with a win compared to a loss (b = 0.43, 95% CI [0.23, 0.63], BF > 150,pd = 1)"

Hallman 2026 (2)¶

Hallman, A. E. Z., Willfors, C., Frick, M. A., Nordgren, A. & Kleberg, J. L. (2026). Comparing feedback learning and arousal responses in Down, Fragile X, and Williams syndromes. npj Science of Learning. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-026-00438-2

q3 · i? · associational · r?

Results section, Bayesian GLMM on gaze allocation. No syndrome group differed reliably from TD and no syndrome-by-previous-feedback interaction was found, indicating similar attention to rewarded information across groups.

"FXS and WS looked less at the previously chosen option compared to DS and TD, although no evidence for a difference from TD was found for any of the syndrome groups. In addition, there was no evidence for an interaction effect between the previously chosen option and gaze allocation for any of the syndrome groups."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• All groups, including individuals with Down, Fragile X, and Williams syndromes, adapted their choices based on deterministic feedback, staying with rewarded options and switching after losses — related
• Individuals with Williams syndrome show intact behavioral feedback learning but no loss-driven pupil dilation, a dissociation from typically developing controls — related