GCLA use enhances higher-order thinking skills—critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity—compared with traditional ChatGPT use¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r2 · q3 · i3 large
Currency · newest study 2024 · checked against its sources 2026-10-16 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i3 Treatment-group students outperformed control-group students on critical thinking (MEG = 17.3 > MCG = 13.8; partial η² = 0.418). → Lee 2024 q3 i3 Treatment-group students outperformed control-group students on problem-solving (MEG = 15.9 > MCG = 13.1; partial η² = 0.400) and creativity (MEG = 11.0 > MCG = 10.1; partial η² = 0.134). → Lee 2024

Evidence¶

Lee 2024¶

Lee, H.-Y., Chen, P.-H., Wang, W.-S., Huang, Y.-M., & Wu, T.-T. (2024). Empowering ChatGPT with guidance mechanism in blended learning: effect of self-regulated learning, higher-order thinking skills, and knowledge construction. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00447-4

q3 · i3 · causal · r2

ANCOVA of post-test HOTS scores (Hwang et al. 11-item scale) with pre-test covariates in the RCT; Table 10 reports all three dimensions significant, with partial η² = 0.418 for critical thinking, 0.400 for problem-solving, and 0.134 for creativity (p = 0.004).

"the TG notably outperformed the CG in terms of critical thinking (MEG = 17.3 > MCG = 13.8), problem-solving (MEG = 15.9 > MCG = 13.1), and creativity (MEG = 11.0 > MCG = 10.1)"

Lee 2024 (2)¶

Lee, H.-Y., Chen, P.-H., Wang, W.-S., Huang, Y.-M., & Wu, T.-T. (2024). Empowering ChatGPT with guidance mechanism in blended learning: effect of self-regulated learning, higher-order thinking skills, and knowledge construction. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00447-4

q3 · i3 · causal · r2

ANCOVA row from Table 10 for the critical thinking dimension in the same RCT, showing F = 41.73, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.418 favoring the GCLA treatment group.

"Critical thinking 182.17 1 182.17 41.73 < 0.001*** 0.418"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Creativity — outcome: instruction changes it
• Critical Thinking — outcome: instruction changes it
• Problem Solving — outcome: instruction changes it

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