In Grade 9, negative achievement trends emerged for non-SEN and SEN-L-R students in all domains, and SEN-L-R trends were always significantly more pronounced than for non-SEN peers¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r3 · q3
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Ninth-grade SEN-L-R students' negative cohort trends in reading, listening, and orthography were significantly steeper than those of non-SEN students; SEN-L-S trends were significant in listening and orthography but not reading. → Rebecca Schneider 2025

Evidence¶

Rebecca Schneider 2025¶

Rebecca Schneider, Sebastian Weirich, Poldi Kuhl, Stefan Schipolowski, Petra Stanat. (2025). COVID-19-related differences in students' verbal achievements: Comparisons of different cohorts of students with SEN based on large-scale assessment data from Germany. Learning and Instruction 100 (2025) 102228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102228

q3 · i? · associational · r3

Cohort trend analysis of the IQB-BT 2022 study comparing the 2015 and 2022 Grade 9 cohorts across three verbal domains. The article reports that "trends for ninth-grade SEN-L-R students were always significantly more pronounced than for their peers without SEN."

"Like in Grade 4, negative achievement trends emerged for non-SEN and SEN-L-R students in all domains in Grade 9 (Table 2). However, trends for ninth-grade SEN-L-R students were always significantly more pronounced than for their peers without SEN."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Grade 4 cohorts affected by COVID-19 restrictions showed significant negative trends in verbal achievement for non-SEN and SEN-L-R students in all three domains, and for SEN-L-S students only in orthography — related
• In Grade 9, fewer problems during distance learning were associated with better verbal achievement, summer school attendance was associated with lower reading and listening achievement, and learning-condition relations did not differ between student groups — related
• During the pandemic, Grade 4 students with SEN-L experienced less favorable home learning environments and lower parental support than non-SEN students, while Grade 9 group differences were largely non-significant — related
• The article concludes the negative cohort trends are likely in part attributable to pandemic-related schooling restrictions, while acknowledging attribution cannot be fully confirmed — related