Claims

At the Ethical Culture School, expected graduation rates differed by entrance timing and sex: early-entering boys and girls graduated at higher rates than late-entering boys and girls

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r1 · q2
Currency · newest study 1917 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims

Reading the evidence codes

q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.

This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.

q2 i? Of every 100 boys entering 'Early', 41 were expected to graduate versus 36 of every 100 boys entering 'Late'. → Cummins 1917 q2 i? Of every 100 girls entering 'Early', 60 were expected to graduate versus 30 of every 100 girls entering 'Late'. → Cummins 1917 (2)

Evidence

Cummins 1917

Cummins, R. A. (1917). 'Bright' and 'Slow' Pupils in Elementary and High School. The Journal of Educational Psychology. https://psycnet.apa.org

q2 · i? · associational · r1

Expectation calculation from the school's records of 116 graduates and 184 non-graduates. The author calculates that of every 100 boys entering "Early" 41 will graduate, against 36 of 100 "Late"-entering boys; no effect size is printed.

"Of every 100 boys who enter "Early" 41 will graduate and 59 will not. Of every 100 boys who enter "Late" 36 will graduate and 64 will not."

Cummins 1917 (2)

Cummins, R. A. (1917). 'Bright' and 'Slow' Pupils in Elementary and High School. The Journal of Educational Psychology. https://psycnet.apa.org

q2 · i? · associational · r1

Expectation calculation from the same record set, reported for girls. Of every 100 girls entering "Early" 60 will graduate, while of 100 "Late"-entering girls "only 30 will graduate"; no effect size is printed.

"Of every 100 girls who enter "Early" 60 will graduate and 40 will not. Of every 100 girls who enter "Late" only 30 will graduate, the other 70 will not."

Discussion

Page metadata
Field Value
type claim
id graduation-rates-entrance-timing-sex
title At the Ethical Culture School, expected graduation rates differed by entrance timing and sex: early-entering boys and girls graduated at higher rates than late-entering boys and girls
description At the Ethical Culture School, expected graduation rates differed by entrance timing and sex: early-entering boys and girls graduated at higher rates than late-entering boys and girls
status review
evidence_strength moderate
newest_evidence 1917
generated by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-24
trust unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
sources 2 — cummins-1917, cummins-1917-2

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